Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is a volcano on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at three,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the very best level in Spain and the best level above sea degree during the islands from the Atlantic.
If measured within the ocean floor, its height of 7,five hundred m (24,600 ft) will make Teide the fourth-best volcano on the globe, which is explained by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic structure. Nonetheless, as Teide was formed just 170,000 yrs ago as a result of volcanic action pursuing a catastrophic landslide, Teide's foundation is in fact positioned within the Las Cañadas crater (the remains of the more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) in a height of about two,190 m (7,one hundred ninety ft) earlier mentioned sea amount. Teide's elevation previously mentioned sea degree tends to make Tenerife the tenth optimum island on earth. Teide is definitely an Energetic volcano: its most up-to-date eruption transpired in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent on the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation selected Teide ten years Volcano[ten] thanks to its background of harmful eruptions and its proximity to a number of big towns, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca sort the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife.
The volcano and its environment comprise Teide National Park, that has a region of 18,900 hectares (forty seven,000 acres) and was named a Globe Heritage Internet site by UNESCO in 2007.[8] Teide is among the most visited natural ponder of Spain, probably the most frequented national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most frequented on the planet, with some three million website visitors annually. In 2016, it had been visited by 4,079,823 guests and tourists, achieving a historic record. Teide Observatory, A significant Global astronomical observatory, is situated within the slopes on the mountain.
Prior to the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the indigenous Guanches referred to a powerful determine residing in the volcano, which carries light, power and the sun. El Pico del Teide is the fashionable Spanish title.[15]
Teide was a sacred mountain for that aboriginal Guanches, so it had been regarded as a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to the ancient Greeks. According to legend, Guayota (the Satan) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine along with the Sunshine) and imprisoned him In the volcano, plunging the earth into darkness. The Guanches requested their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec in the bowels with the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is claimed that considering that then, Guayota has remained locked inside of Teide. When taking place to Teide for the duration of an eruption, it was customary for your Guanches to gentle bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is usually represented for a black Puppy, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Lots of hiding spots present in the mountains comprise the stays of stone equipment and pottery. These are interpreted as remaining ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like These produced by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches considered the mountain for being the position that housed the forces of evil and by far the most evil determine, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares capabilities just like other highly effective deities inhabiting volcanoes, including the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who life from the volcano Kīlauea and is also regarded from the native Hawaiians as chargeable for the eruptions from the volcano.[17] The same was legitimate for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna ended up chimneys of the foundry of the fireplace god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived at the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to check out flames coming from the highest mountain from the island (Teide).
Teide very last erupted in 1909 in the El Chinyero vent,[23] within the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic exercise on the island is connected with vents over the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) as well as the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption wrecked the city and principal port of Garachico, together with several more compact villages.[fifteen]
Historical exercise associated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] happened in 1798 in the Narices del Teide about the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive content from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partly fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca close to 2000 many years in the past. The final eruption in the Las Cañadas caldera transpired in 1798 with the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) on the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in design and a lot of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is visible beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus documented viewing "a terrific fire from the Orotava Valley" as he sailed earlier Tenerife on his voyage to find out The brand new Planet in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of achievable lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred while in the Orotava Valley, but one did happen from the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The final summit eruption from Teide occurred concerning the year 850 Advert, which eruption made the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that deal with Significantly of the flanks with the volcano.[23]
About a hundred and fifty,000 many years in the past, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, possibly of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It developed the Las Cañadas caldera, a substantial caldera at about two,000 m earlier mentioned sea stage, about sixteen km (9.9 mi) from east to west and 9 km (five.six mi) from north to south. At Guajara, to the south aspect with the construction, The inner partitions rise as Nearly sheer cliffs from two,a hundred to two,715 m (6,890 to eight,907 ft). The three,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (3,134 m (ten,282 ft)), are both situated inside the northern half on the caldera and so are derived from eruptions later on than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions could include pyroclastic flows and surges similar to the ones that transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. During 2003, there was a rise in seismic activity at the volcano in addition to a rift opened to the north-east flank. No eruptive exercise transpired but a amount of material, quite possibly liquid, was emplaced to the edifice and is approximated to have a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation necessary] This sort of exercise can show that magma is rising to the edifice, but is not constantly a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide In addition is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation essential] The summit of the volcano has a number of compact Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide as well as other gases, together with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Long run eruptions may well consist of pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to people who occurred at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. In the course of 2003, there was an increase in seismic action at the volcano in addition to a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive exercise happened but a amount of material, probably liquid, was emplaced to the edifice which is approximated to have a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation desired] These types of exercise can suggest that magma is rising into your edifice, but is not generally a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation wanted] The summit with the volcano has several modest Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and various gases, including small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, posted in the journal Eos, observed that "prior to now 30,000 years, eruptions have happened at a price of only 4 to 6 for every millennium, having a predominance (70%) of very very low hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors additional commented that "the current eruptive report, coupled with the readily available petrological and radiometric knowledge, delivers a rather optimistic outlook on major volcanic hazards related to Teide and its rift zones, posing only pretty localized threats to your one million inhabitants of Tenerife plus the four.5 million once-a-year guests to Teide Countrywide Park." On the other hand, Yet another review in 2009 concluded that Teide will most likely erupt violently in the future, Which its structure is analogous to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] As a result the magnitude of the risk posed by Teide to the general public stays a source of discussion.
In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who in all probability stayed within the island in the main many years of the 17th century, gives a description of Teide, by which he notes the acceptable paths to the top and the effects its substantial peak triggers for travellers, indicating that the volcano were accessed via various routes ahead of the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his get together built the ascent and claimed their observations during the journal on the Royal Modern society in London.[40]
After the Enlightenment, a lot of the expeditions that went to East Africa plus the Pacific experienced Teide as One of the more rewarding targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 almost ended in tragedy, as A serious snowstorm and rain swept over them and they didn't get to the peak of Teide, just barely receiving earlier Montaña Blanca.[forty][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife all through his voyage to South The usa in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Purposeé Bonpland and many neighborhood guides.[42]
Through an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to observe ice problems over the volcano. He described The 2 mountains as "two kings, 1 climbing within the ocean and the opposite within the desert and steppes".[forty]
Much more recently in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey became the initial Paralympic athlete on this planet inside of a wheelchair to succeed in 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. To begin with, Gema needed to get to the leading of Teide, Even though, resulting from weather conditions, she could not meet this aim.
The lava flows within the flanks of Teide climate to a really slender but nutrient- and mineral-loaded soil that supports lots of plant species. Vascular flora contains 168 plant species, 33 of which happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[forty four]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) arise from 1,000 to 2,a hundred metres (three,300–6,900 ft), masking the middle slopes with the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line one,000 m (3,three hundred ft) reduced than that of continental mountains at related latitudes.[45][forty six] In the Las Cañadas caldera and at bigger altitudes, plant species endemic into the Teide Countrywide Park consist of: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white bouquets; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow bouquets; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose crimson bouquets form a pyramid up to 3 m (nine.8 ft) in peak.[47] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) can be found at altitudes close to three,600 m (eleven,800 ft) higher than sea stage, as well as Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found ideal up to your summit, rendering it the very best flowering plant in Spain.[forty eight]
These crops are tailored into the challenging environmental ailments to the volcano, which include significant altitude, rigorous sunlight, Severe temperature versions, and lack of humidity. Adaptations consist of hemispherical varieties, a downy or waxy address, a discount from the uncovered leaf region, and large flower generation.[46][49] Flowering usually takes position within the late spring or early summer months, in May perhaps and June.
Teide Nationwide Park includes numerous invertebrate species, about 40% of which are endemic species, and 70 of which are uncovered only in the Nationwide Park. The invertebrate fauna incorporates spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[50]
In contrast, Teide National Park has merely a restricted a number of vertebrate fauna.[fifty one] 10 species of fowl nest there, including the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) and also a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][53]
Three endemic reptile species are present in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), as well as the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][fifty four] The only real mammals native to your park are bats, the commonest of which happens to be Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, like the mouflon, the rabbit, your house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, as well as North African hedgehog, have all been introduced on the park.
Teide is the primary symbol of Tenerife and the most emblematic purely natural monument with the Canary Islands. An masca image of Teide, gushing flames, seems within the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Previously mentioned the volcano seems St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag hues of your island are dim blue, usually recognized Along with the sea that surrounds the island, and white for that whiteness of your snow-lined peaks of Mount Teide in the course of Wintertime. The brand from the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing physique from the island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide is depicted regularly during historical past, from your earliest engravings produced by European conquerors to common Canarian craft objects, within the again of a thousand-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
During the Canary Islands, Specially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and history. It's popularly generally known as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is often a countrywide park located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the very best mountain of Spain (3,718 meters superior) in addition, the very best volcano from the Atlantic Ocean islands along with the third greatest volcano on the earth from its foundation while in the ocean floor (seven.500 meters high). Pico Viejo, also included inside the national park boundaries, is the second maximum volcano from the Canary Islands with its three,135 m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the sole two peaks within the Canary islands climbing higher than the 3,000 m stage.
The park has a location of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation desired]. It was named a Entire world Heritage Web site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] Considering that the conclude of 2007, it's got also been among the list of 12 Treasures of Spain. On the ridge, to the east of Teide, tend to be the telescopes on the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is easily the most frequented national park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on earth,[two] with a few three million site visitors yearly.[three] In 2016, it was frequented by 4,079,823 website visitors and vacationers reaching a historical file.[4][five]
You will find early morning and afternoon mentor excursions with the park, departing from picked locations during the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Access to the height needs a cost-free permit that should be booked in advance.
The Teide National Park has a big historical value. This put had a vital spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and crucial archaeological internet sites have already been identified during the park. For your Guanches the Teide was an area of worship, they imagined it absolutely was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[seven]
National park standing was declared on January 22, 1954, which was among the list of third in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and recognized being a special lawful routine. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the ecu Diploma of Safeguarded Areas, in its maximum class. This recognition and conservation management has been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration of your 50th anniversary of its transformation into a nationwide park, in 2002 the paperwork was begun to declare the park a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On June 28, 2007, just after five years of work and energy, UNESCO chose to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, Globe Heritage Internet site in the World Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Countrywide Park is usually at the conclusion of 2007, one of several twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide Countrywide Park is complementary on the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park,[8] this is especially as a consequence of becoming in Every of them represented the volcanic buildings and forms a lot less evolved magmas of this sort of islands (Hawaii) and much more developed and differentiated (Teide).[9] Moreover, Teide National Park shares identical scenic characteristics Using the Grand Canyon Countrywide Park in Arizona, U.s..
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather to a very skinny, but nutrient and mineral prosperous soil that supports a various variety of plant species. Vascular flora contains 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) take place from a thousand–2100 m, masking the middle slopes of the volcano, and having an alpine timberline one thousand m decreased than that of continental mountains of similar latitude.[eleven] At greater altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera presents sufficient shelter for more fragile species including the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), and the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to expand.[twelve]
Probably the most dominant plant species from the Teide Countrywide Park will be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium),