Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is a volcano on Tenerife during the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at three,715 m (12,188 ft)) is the highest point in Spain and the very best point earlier mentioned sea degree within the islands from the Atlantic.
If measured within the ocean ground, its top of seven,500 m (24,600 ft) makes Teide the fourth-best volcano on the globe, and is also explained by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic framework. On the other hand, as Teide was formed just a hundred and seventy,000 a long time back because of volcanic action next a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is in fact situated from the Las Cañadas crater (the remains of the more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) at a peak of all over 2,a hundred ninety m (7,a hundred ninety ft) higher than sea level. Teide's elevation earlier mentioned sea level would make Tenerife the tenth optimum island on the earth. Teide is definitely an Energetic volcano: its most recent eruption occurred in 1909 from your El Chinyero vent about the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Catastrophe Mitigation specified Teide ten years Volcano[ten] thanks to its record of destructive eruptions and its proximity to several big cities, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca form the Central Volcanic Sophisticated of Tenerife.
The volcano and its surroundings comprise Teide Nationwide Park, that has a place of eighteen,900 hectares (forty seven,000 acres) and was named a Entire world Heritage Internet site by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is among the most frequented pure speculate of Spain, essentially the most frequented national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited in the world, with a few three million people yearly. In 2016, it absolutely was frequented by four,079,823 people and tourists, reaching a historic history. Teide Observatory, A serious Global astronomical observatory, is found to the slopes in the mountain.
Before the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a robust determine residing in the volcano, which carries gentle, ability plus the Sunlight. El Pico del Teide is the trendy Spanish identify.[15]
Teide was a sacred mountain to the aboriginal Guanches, so it was considered a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to The traditional Greeks. Based on legend, Guayota (the Satan) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine along with the Solar) and imprisoned him In the volcano, plunging the whole world into darkness. The Guanches requested their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec within the bowels in the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is claimed that due to the fact then, Guayota has remained locked inside of Teide. When taking place to Teide throughout an eruption, it was customary for the Guanches to light bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is usually represented as a black Canine, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Numerous hiding sites located in the mountains consist of the remains of stone tools and pottery. These have been interpreted as currently being ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like Those people produced by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches believed the mountain for being the put that housed the forces of evil and quite possibly the most evil figure, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares characteristics similar to other effective deities inhabiting volcanoes, including the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives in the volcano Kīlauea and it is regarded because of the indigenous Hawaiians as answerable for the eruptions with the volcano.[17] The identical was genuine for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who thought that Vulcano and Mount Etna ended up chimneys in the foundry of the hearth god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived for the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to determine flames coming from the very best mountain with the island (Teide).
Teide final erupted in 1909 from your El Chinyero vent,[23] over the Santiago Ridge. Historic volcanic exercise to the island is connected with vents around the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and also the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption ruined the city and principal port of Garachico, and quite a few lesser villages.[fifteen]
Historic exercise linked to the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] happened in 1798 with the Narices del Teide about the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive materials from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca about 2000 yrs in the past. The final eruption inside the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 in the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) around the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in style and a lot of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is visible beside the Vilaflor–Chio road.
Christopher Columbus documented observing "a fantastic fire within the Orotava Valley" as he sailed past Tenerife on his voyage to find the New Environment in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he experienced witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of doable lavas implies that in 1492 no eruption transpired during the Orotava Valley, but 1 did take place with the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The last summit eruption from Teide occurred about the 12 months 850 AD, and this eruption produced the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that deal with Substantially of the flanks with the volcano.[23]
About 150,000 yrs in the past, a much bigger explosive eruption transpired, almost certainly of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It produced the Las Cañadas caldera, a considerable caldera at about 2,000 m over sea amount, around 16 km (nine.nine mi) from east to west and nine km (five.six mi) from north to south. At Guajara, around the south facet of your construction, the internal walls rise as Just about sheer cliffs from 2,100 to two,715 m (6,890 to eight,907 ft). The 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (three,134 m (ten,282 ft)), are both of those located in the northern 50 % of the caldera and so are derived from eruptions later than this prehistoric explosion.
Long run eruptions may include pyroclastic flows and surges much like people who transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. During 2003, there was a rise in seismic exercise for the volcano as well as a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive activity happened but a quantity of fabric, quite possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and is particularly estimated to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation essential] These kinds of action can suggest that magma is soaring into the edifice, but will not be constantly a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide In addition is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation desired] The summit from the volcano has numerous smaller Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, such as very low amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Long run eruptions might incorporate pyroclastic flows and surges much like those who transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. During 2003, there was an increase in seismic exercise at the volcano and a rift opened about the north-east flank. No eruptive action happened but a quantity of fabric, probably liquid, was emplaced into your edifice and is estimated to possess a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation needed] These exercise can suggest that magma is growing into your edifice, but is just not always a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation necessary] The summit of the volcano has quite a few modest Lively fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide as well as other gases, which includes small levels of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific assessment in 2006, revealed within the journal Eos, noticed that "prior to now thirty,000 yrs, eruptions have transpired at a fee of only four to 6 per millennium, using a predominance (70%) of incredibly lower hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors more commented that "the recent eruptive record, combined with the offered petrological and radiometric information, presents a relatively optimistic outlook on key volcanic dangers related to Teide and its rift zones, posing only extremely localized threats on the one million inhabitants of Tenerife plus the four.5 million once-a-year visitors to Teide National Park." Nonetheless, An additional study in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently Down the road, Which its framework is comparable to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] Consequently the magnitude of the risk posed by Teide to the public stays a supply of debate.
Within a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who most likely stayed around the island in the initial many years of your 17th century, offers a description of Teide, where he notes the suited paths to the highest and the consequences its considerable top brings about for travellers, indicating the volcano had been accessed through distinct routes before the 17th century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his bash built the ascent and documented their observations in the journal with the Royal Culture in London.[forty]
Following the Enlightenment, the majority of the expeditions that went to East Africa as well as the Pacific had Teide as Just about the most fulfilling targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Practically resulted in tragedy, as A serious snowstorm and rain swept around them and they didn't get to the peak of Teide, just barely obtaining previous Montaña Blanca.[40][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife for the duration of his voyage to South The usa in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Intentioné Bonpland and some local guides.[42]
During an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to observe ice situations over the volcano. He explained the two mountains as "two kings, just one soaring while in the ocean and the opposite in the desert and steppes".[40]
A lot more lately in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey became the el teide first Paralympic athlete on the globe within a wheelchair to reach 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. In the beginning, Gema planned to reach the leading of Teide, Though, due to weather conditions, she couldn't fulfill this objective.
The lava flows within the flanks of Teide temperature to an extremely skinny but nutrient- and mineral-wealthy soil that supports a wide variety of plant species. Vascular flora contains 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[forty four]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) occur from one,000 to two,one hundred metres (3,300–6,900 ft), covering the middle slopes of the volcano and achieving an alpine tree line one,000 m (three,three hundred ft) decreased than that of continental mountains at equivalent latitudes.[45][46] In the Las Cañadas caldera and at greater altitudes, plant species endemic to the Teide Countrywide Park include: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow bouquets; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; as well as Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose pink bouquets form a pyramid as much as 3 m (9.8 ft) in height.[47] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes close to 3,600 m (eleven,800 ft) higher than sea stage, and the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) are available appropriate up into the summit, which makes it the best flowering plant in Spain.[forty eight]
These crops are adapted into the tricky environmental situations to the volcano, for instance higher altitude, powerful daylight, extreme temperature versions, and insufficient moisture. Adaptations include things like hemispherical types, a downy or waxy go over, a discount in the exposed leaf location, and large flower manufacturing.[forty six][49] Flowering usually takes area from the late spring or early summertime, in Might and June.
Teide Nationwide Park includes numerous invertebrate species, over 40% of which happen to be endemic species, and 70 of that are identified only in the Countrywide Park. The invertebrate fauna involves spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In contrast, Teide Nationwide Park has only a constrained assortment of vertebrate fauna.[51] Ten species of chicken nest there, including the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) as well as a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][fifty three]
3 endemic reptile species are present in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), plus the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[51][fifty four] The sole mammals native to the park are bats, the most typical of which can be Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, such as the mouflon, the rabbit, your home mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, as well as the North African hedgehog, have all been introduced to the park.
Teide is the leading symbol of Tenerife and the most emblematic organic monument on the Canary Islands. A picture of Teide, gushing flames, seems on the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Earlier mentioned the volcano seems St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag shades from the island are dark blue, typically determined with the sea that surrounds the island, and white for the whiteness from the snow-covered peaks of Mount Teide in the course of Winter season. The logo of the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing human body on the island) features a image of Teide in eruption.
Teide continues to be depicted usually during heritage, within the earliest engravings made by European conquerors to common Canarian craft objects, about the back of 1000-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
During the Canary Islands, Specially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and history. It is popularly referred to as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide Nationwide Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is a national park located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The nationwide park is centered on Mount Teide, the best mountain of Spain (3,718 meters higher) Additionally, the highest volcano from the Atlantic Ocean islands along with the 3rd best volcano on earth from its foundation in the ocean floor (7.five hundred meters large). Pico Viejo, also involved in the countrywide park restrictions, is the 2nd maximum volcano in the Canary Islands with its 3,one hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only two peaks inside the Canary islands growing above The three,000 m degree.
The park has a place of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation necessary]. It was named a World Heritage Web site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] For the reason that conclusion of 2007, it's got also been one of the twelve Treasures of Spain. On a ridge, for the east of Teide, are definitely the telescopes of your Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is among the most frequented countrywide park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on the planet,[2] with a few three million guests yearly.[three] In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 site visitors and vacationers achieving a historical report.[4][five]
You'll find morning and afternoon coach visits throughout the park, departing from selected spots within the south of Tenerife's tourist cities. Access to the peak needs a free allow that should be booked upfront.
The Teide National Park has a big historical benefit. This place experienced a very important spiritual significance to aboriginal Guanches and essential archaeological internet sites are already learned from the park. For that Guanches the Teide was a location of worship, they considered it absolutely was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[7]
Nationwide park standing was declared on January 22, 1954, which was one of several 3rd in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and founded for a Unique lawful regime. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the eu Diploma of Protected Parts, in its highest classification. This recognition and conservation management has long been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration from the 50th anniversary of its transformation into a national park, in 2002 the paperwork was begun to declare the park a UNESCO Globe Heritage Web site. On June 28, 2007, soon after five years of labor and effort, UNESCO chose to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, Globe Heritage Web site on earth Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide National Park is also at the end of 2007, one of many 12 Treasures of Spain.
Teide Nationwide Park is complementary for the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Nationwide Park,[8] this is especially as a result of getting in Each and every of these represented the volcanic constructions and kinds a lot less developed magmas of these kinds of islands (Hawaii) and a lot more progressed and differentiated (Teide).[nine] Furthermore, Teide National Park shares identical scenic qualities Using the Grand Canyon Nationwide Park in Arizona, U . s ..
The lava flows over the flanks of Teide weather to a very slim, but nutrient and mineral rich soil that supports a diverse range of plant species. Vascular flora is made of 168 plant species, 33 of which can be endemic to Tenerife.[ten]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) come about from one thousand–2100 m, masking the center slopes on the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m lessen than that of continental mountains of similar latitude.[eleven] At higher altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera presents ample shelter For additional fragile species including the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), plus the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to develop.[twelve]
Essentially the most dominant plant species inside the Teide Countrywide Park would be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), that has white and violet flowers; along with the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose