Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is really a volcano on Tenerife inside the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the highest stage in Spain and the very best place higher than sea degree inside the islands in the Atlantic.
If measured with the ocean ground, its top of 7,500 m (24,600 ft) will make Teide the fourth-greatest volcano on this planet, and it is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic construction. Nonetheless, as Teide was fashioned just 170,000 many years ago resulting from volcanic activity following a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is in fact situated in the Las Cañadas crater (the stays of an more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) in a height of about 2,a hundred ninety m (7,a hundred ninety ft) previously mentioned sea amount. Teide's elevation over sea level would make Tenerife the tenth highest island on this planet. Teide can be an Lively volcano: its most recent eruption occurred in 1909 from your El Chinyero vent over the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide ten years Volcano[ten] as a consequence of its historical past of destructive eruptions and its proximity to quite a few big cities, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca sort the Central Volcanic Elaborate of Tenerife.
The volcano and its environment comprise Teide National Park, which has a location of 18,900 hectares (47,000 acres) and was named a Planet Heritage Website by UNESCO in 2007.[8] Teide is considered the most visited natural marvel of Spain, quite possibly the most frequented nationwide park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited on this planet, with a few 3 million guests yearly. In 2016, it had been visited by four,079,823 guests and vacationers, reaching a historic record. Teide Observatory, a major international astronomical observatory, is found around the slopes of your mountain.
Before the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a strong determine living in the volcano, which carries gentle, energy as well as the Solar. El Pico del Teide is the trendy Spanish title.[15]
Teide was a sacred mountain with the aboriginal Guanches, so it had been viewed as a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to The traditional Greeks. In line with legend, Guayota (the Satan) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine plus the Sunlight) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the world into darkness. The Guanches asked their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec with the bowels with the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is said that given that then, Guayota has remained locked within Teide. When happening to Teide throughout an eruption, it had been customary for that Guanches to light-weight bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is commonly represented like a black dog, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also thought that Teide held up the sky. A lot of hiding areas located in the mountains comprise the continues to be of stone equipment and pottery. These have been interpreted as becoming ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like All those made by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches thought the mountain being the spot that housed the forces of evil and quite possibly the most evil determine, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares characteristics similar to other potent deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives inside the volcano Kīlauea and is particularly regarded by the native Hawaiians as answerable for the eruptions of your volcano.[17] A similar was genuine for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who thought that Vulcano and Mount Etna ended up chimneys from the foundry of the fire god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived for the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to view flames coming from the very best mountain in the island (Teide).
Teide last erupted in 1909 from your El Chinyero vent,[23] within the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic activity on the island is connected to vents over the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) along with the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption destroyed the town and principal port of Garachico, as well as numerous scaled-down villages.[fifteen]
Historical activity related to the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] happened in 1798 from your Narices del Teide on the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive material from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partly fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca all-around 2000 yrs back. The final eruption within the Las Cañadas caldera happened in 1798 within the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) over the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in style and many of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is visible beside the Vilaflor–Chio highway.
Christopher Columbus claimed looking at "a terrific fireplace from the Orotava Valley" as he sailed previous Tenerife on his voyage to find the New Entire world in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he experienced witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric relationship of doable lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred in the Orotava Valley, but one particular did come about in the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The last summit eruption from Teide occurred in regards to the year 850 Advertisement, and this eruption produced the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that deal with Substantially of your flanks from the volcano.[23]
About one hundred fifty,000 years back, a much bigger explosive eruption happened, most likely of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It designed the Las Cañadas caldera, a considerable caldera at about two,000 m over sea stage, all over sixteen km (9.nine mi) from east to west and 9 km (five.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, about the south aspect of the composition, the internal walls rise as Pretty much sheer cliffs from two,100 to two,715 m (six,890 to eight,907 ft). The 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (three,134 m (ten,282 ft)), are each located during the northern 50 % of your caldera and they are derived from eruptions later on than this prehistoric explosion.
Future eruptions might include things like pyroclastic flows and surges similar to those that transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. Throughout 2003, there was a rise in seismic activity within the volcano as well as a rift opened around the north-east flank. No eruptive exercise transpired but a amount of material, potentially liquid, was emplaced to the edifice and is particularly believed to have a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation needed] These exercise can suggest that magma is soaring into the edifice, but isn't generally a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation desired] The summit on the volcano has a variety of tiny Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and various gases, like minimal levels of hydrogen sulfide.
Long run eruptions may well contain pyroclastic flows and surges similar to the ones that happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. Throughout 2003, there was an increase in seismic activity with the volcano and also a rift opened on the north-east flank. No eruptive exercise transpired but a quantity of fabric, possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and it is approximated to possess a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation desired] Such action can indicate that magma is climbing in to the edifice, but is not always a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide On top of that is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation needed] The summit from the volcano has many small Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, like reduced levels of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, published during the journal Eos, noticed that "previously thirty,000 decades, eruptions have happened in a rate of only 4 to six for each millennium, using a predominance (70%) of very minimal hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors even further commented that "the the latest eruptive history, combined with the out there petrological and radiometric information, delivers a alternatively optimistic outlook on main volcanic hazards related to Teide and its rift zones, posing only incredibly localized threats to the a million inhabitants of Tenerife along with the 4.5 million annual visitors to Teide Countrywide Park." Even so, An additional research in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently in the future, and that its framework is analogous to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] As a result the magnitude of the chance posed by Teide to the general public continues to be a supply of discussion.
In the publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who likely stayed about the island in the main decades in the 17th century, presents a description of Teide, wherein he notes the suited paths to the very best and the results its sizeable peak brings about for travellers, indicating which the volcano had been accessed by way of various routes ahead of the 17th century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his social gathering manufactured the ascent and reported their observations while in the journal with the Royal Modern society in London.[40]
Following the Enlightenment, almost all of the expeditions that went to East Africa and also the Pacific experienced Teide as Just about the most rewarding targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Just about resulted in tragedy, as A significant snowstorm and rain swept around them plus they did not get to the peak of Teide, just scarcely acquiring earlier Montaña Blanca.[forty][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife for the duration of his voyage to South America in 1799 and climbed Teide along with his travelling companion Purposeé Bonpland and a few regional guides.[forty two]
During an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to observe ice disorders over the volcano. He explained The 2 mountains as "two kings, a single mounting from the ocean and the other inside the desert and steppes".[40]
Much more a short while ago in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey turned the first Paralympic athlete on this planet within a wheelchair to succeed in three,000 meters altitude with only the momentum piscinas naturales en tenerife of her arms. Originally, Gema wanted to get to the leading of Teide, While, due to climatic conditions, she could not meet up with this goal.
The lava flows to the flanks of Teide climate to an extremely slender but nutrient- and mineral-wealthy soil that supports lots of plant species. Vascular flora is made up of 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[forty four]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) happen from one,000 to 2,100 metres (3,300–6,900 ft), masking the middle slopes with the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line one,000 m (three,300 ft) lessen than that of continental mountains at very similar latitudes.[45][46] In the Las Cañadas caldera and at better altitudes, plant species endemic to your Teide Nationwide Park consist of: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white bouquets; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow bouquets; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet bouquets; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose purple bouquets form a pyramid as much as three m (9.8 ft) in height.[forty seven] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes near 3,600 m (11,800 ft) previously mentioned sea stage, and also the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) are available ideal up towards the summit, which makes it the highest flowering plant in Spain.[48]
These vegetation are tailored for the difficult environmental problems about the volcano, such as large altitude, intensive sunlight, Excessive temperature versions, and deficiency of moisture. Adaptations consist of hemispherical varieties, a downy or waxy cover, a discount of your uncovered leaf region, and substantial flower output.[forty six][49] Flowering requires position during the late spring or early summer, in May well and June.
Teide Countrywide Park includes numerous invertebrate species, above 40% of which can be endemic species, and 70 of which might be located only during the Nationwide Park. The invertebrate fauna includes spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In contrast, Teide Nationwide Park has just a confined range of vertebrate fauna.[fifty one] 10 species of bird nest there, such as the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) plus a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][fifty three]
A few endemic reptile species are located in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), as well as Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][fifty four] The sole mammals indigenous to the park are bats, the most common of and that is Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, like the mouflon, the rabbit, the house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, along with the North African hedgehog, have all been introduced to your park.
Teide is the most crucial image of Tenerife and essentially the most emblematic pure monument on the Canary Islands. An image of Teide, gushing flames, seems on the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Earlier mentioned the volcano seems St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colours on the island are dark blue, customarily identified While using the sea that surrounds the island, and white for the whiteness of the snow-coated peaks of Mount Teide for the duration of Winter season. The emblem with the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing overall body on the island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide is depicted often in the course of historical past, in the earliest engravings created by European conquerors to regular Canarian craft objects, on the back of one thousand-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
During the Canary Islands, Primarily on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and background. It is popularly known as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is actually a countrywide park situated in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the highest mountain of Spain (three,718 meters large) in addition, the highest volcano from the Atlantic Ocean islands and also the third highest volcano on this planet from its base in the ocean flooring (7.500 meters significant). Pico Viejo, also integrated inside the national park limitations, is the 2nd highest volcano while in the Canary Islands with its 3,135 m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only two peaks inside the Canary islands rising over The three,000 m degree.
The park has a location of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation necessary]. It had been named a Planet Heritage Web site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] For the reason that stop of 2007, it's got also been one of the twelve Treasures of Spain. Over a ridge, to your east of Teide, are definitely the telescopes with the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is the most visited countrywide park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on this planet,[2] with some 3 million guests yearly.[3] In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 visitors and travelers reaching a historical file.[4][5]
You can find morning and afternoon mentor journeys throughout the park, departing from picked areas during the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Entry to the peak needs a no cost allow that should be booked ahead of time.
The Teide National Park has a big historic worth. This location had an essential spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and important archaeological websites are learned from the park. For your Guanches the Teide was a spot of worship, they imagined it absolutely was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[seven]
National park position was declared on January 22, 1954, which was among the list of third in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and set up as a special authorized regime. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the ecu Diploma of Secured Spots, in its highest category. This recognition and conservation management has long been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration in the 50th anniversary of its transformation right into a countrywide park, in 2002 the paperwork was begun to declare the park a UNESCO World Heritage Web-site. On June 28, 2007, right after five years of labor and effort, UNESCO decided to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, Planet Heritage Site on the globe Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Nationwide Park is usually at the end of 2007, one of several twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide National Park is complementary on the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park,[eight] this is especially on account of being in Every of them represented the volcanic constructions and types fewer progressed magmas of such islands (Hawaii) plus much more evolved and differentiated (Teide).[9] What's more, Teide National Park shares equivalent scenic features Together with the Grand Canyon Nationwide Park in Arizona, U . s ..
The lava flows to the flanks of Teide weather to an incredibly slender, but nutrient and mineral rich soil that supports a various quantity of plant species. Vascular flora includes 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) occur from 1000–2100 m, masking the center slopes of the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m lower than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[eleven] At better altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera provides enough shelter for more fragile species such as the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), plus the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to grow.[twelve]
The most dominant plant species within the Teide National Park will be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has white and violet bouquets; plus the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose