Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is actually a volcano on Tenerife from the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the very best position in Spain and the highest position earlier mentioned sea amount within the islands of the Atlantic.
If calculated within the ocean ground, its height of 7,five hundred m (24,600 ft) helps make Teide the fourth-best volcano on earth, and is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's 3rd-tallest volcanic structure. Even so, as Teide was formed just 170,000 yrs in the past as a result of volcanic activity adhering to a catastrophic landslide, Teide's foundation is actually positioned inside the Las Cañadas crater (the stays of the older, eroded, extinct volcano) in a height of about two,one hundred ninety m (7,a hundred ninety ft) over sea stage. Teide's elevation above sea degree will make Tenerife the tenth best island on the planet. Teide is an active volcano: its most recent eruption transpired in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent over the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide ten years Volcano[10] as a result of its record of harmful eruptions and its proximity to various significant towns, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca variety the Central Volcanic Elaborate of Tenerife.
The volcano and its environment comprise Teide National Park, which has an area of eighteen,900 hectares (forty seven,000 acres) and was named a Globe Heritage Web-site by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is easily the most frequented pure question of Spain, one of the most visited national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most frequented on the earth, with a few 3 million website visitors annually. In 2016, it absolutely was frequented by 4,079,823 visitors and travelers, reaching a historic record. Teide Observatory, A serious Global astronomical observatory, is located within the slopes of your mountain.
Prior to the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the indigenous Guanches referred to a robust figure residing in the volcano, which carries light, ability and also the Sunlight. El Pico del Teide is the fashionable Spanish name.[fifteen]
Teide was a sacred mountain with the aboriginal Guanches, so it had been deemed a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to The traditional Greeks. According to legend, Guayota (the devil) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine and also the sun) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the globe into darkness. The Guanches questioned their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec with the bowels from the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is alleged that since then, Guayota has remained locked within Teide. When happening to Teide during an eruption, it had been customary with the Guanches to gentle bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is frequently represented as being a black Doggy, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Lots of hiding sites located in the mountains incorporate the stays of stone resources and pottery. These have already been interpreted as becoming ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like All those made by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches believed the mountain for being the place that housed the forces of evil and essentially the most evil figure, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares features much like other powerful deities inhabiting volcanoes, like the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives in the volcano Kīlauea which is regarded because of the native Hawaiians as liable for the eruptions on the volcano.[seventeen] Exactly the same was legitimate for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who thought that Vulcano and Mount Etna were being chimneys on the foundry of the hearth god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived with the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to view flames coming from the highest mountain from the island (Teide).
Teide final erupted in 1909 through the El Chinyero vent,[23] about the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic exercise around the island is affiliated with vents over the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption ruined the city and principal port of Garachico, and also quite a few scaled-down villages.[fifteen]
Historical exercise affiliated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] happened in 1798 in the Narices del Teide over the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive substance from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca all-around 2000 many years ago. The final eruption in the Las Cañadas caldera transpired in 1798 with the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) el teide around the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in style and most of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is obvious beside the Vilaflor–Chio road.
Christopher Columbus claimed looking at "an awesome hearth within the Orotava Valley" as he sailed previous Tenerife on his voyage to find the New Planet in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of possible lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred in the Orotava Valley, but one particular did arise within the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The last summit eruption from Teide transpired about the yr 850 AD, which eruption manufactured the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that go over Significantly in the flanks of your volcano.[23]
About one hundred fifty,000 several years back, a much bigger explosive eruption transpired, possibly of Volcanic Explosivity Index five. It established the Las Cañadas caldera, a sizable caldera at about 2,000 m over sea level, around sixteen km (nine.9 mi) from east to west and 9 km (5.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, about the south side with the structure, The interior walls increase as Virtually sheer cliffs from two,100 to two,715 m (six,890 to 8,907 ft). The 3,715 m (12,188 ft) summit of Teide alone, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (three,134 m (10,282 ft)), are each located while in the northern half on the caldera and therefore are derived from eruptions afterwards than this prehistoric explosion.
Future eruptions could include pyroclastic flows and surges just like people who transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and in other places. All through 2003, there was a rise in seismic exercise within the volcano and also a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive activity happened but a amount of material, possibly liquid, was emplaced in the edifice which is estimated to have a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation desired] These types of exercise can suggest that magma is soaring into your edifice, but will not be usually a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide Furthermore is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation wanted] The summit of your volcano has many compact Lively fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and other gases, together with reduced levels of hydrogen sulfide.
Long term eruptions may consist of pyroclastic flows and surges similar to those who happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. During 2003, there was an increase in seismic exercise with the volcano in addition to a rift opened around the north-east flank. No eruptive activity transpired but a amount of fabric, quite possibly liquid, was emplaced into your edifice and it is believed to possess a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation needed] These exercise can point out that magma is increasing in to the edifice, but is not really constantly a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide On top of that is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation wanted] The summit on the volcano has a variety of modest active fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide along with other gases, such as minimal amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, revealed while in the journal Eos, noticed that "prior to now 30,000 years, eruptions have occurred at a level of only four to 6 for every millennium, having a predominance (70%) of extremely minimal hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors additional commented that "the current eruptive history, combined with the available petrological and radiometric information, presents a instead optimistic outlook on key volcanic dangers associated with Teide and its rift zones, posing only pretty localized threats to the a million inhabitants of Tenerife as well as 4.5 million once-a-year guests to Teide National Park." Nonetheless, A further analyze in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently Sooner or later, and that its structure is analogous to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] As a result the magnitude of the chance posed by Teide to the public stays a supply of debate.
In a very publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who probably stayed within the island in the very first a long time on the seventeenth century, provides a description of Teide, through which he notes the acceptable paths to the very best and the effects its substantial height results in for travellers, indicating the volcano were accessed via different routes before the 17th century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his get together designed the ascent and documented their observations from the journal of the Royal Society in London.[forty]
Once the Enlightenment, almost all of the expeditions that went to East Africa as well as Pacific had Teide as One of the more rewarding targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Just about ended in tragedy, as An important snowstorm and rain swept over them plus they did not reach the peak of Teide, just hardly acquiring past Montaña Blanca.[40][41]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife all through his voyage to South The us in 1799 and climbed Teide together with his travelling companion Aimé Bonpland and some nearby guides.[42]
During an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to watch ice problems to the volcano. He explained the two mountains as "two kings, one particular climbing inside the ocean and one other in the desert and steppes".[forty]
Much more lately in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey grew to become the main Paralympic athlete on the earth in a very wheelchair to achieve 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. To begin with, Gema needed to get to the major of Teide, Despite the fact that, because of weather conditions, she could not meet up with this goal.
The lava flows about the flanks of Teide temperature to an exceptionally slim but nutrient- and mineral-loaded soil that supports lots of plant species. Vascular flora includes 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[44]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) occur from 1,000 to 2,one hundred metres (3,300–six,900 ft), masking the middle slopes with the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line 1,000 m (three,300 ft) lower than that of continental mountains at related latitudes.[forty five][forty six] In the Las Cañadas caldera and at greater altitudes, plant species endemic to the Teide Nationwide Park incorporate: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; along with the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose crimson flowers kind a pyramid around 3 m (9.eight ft) in peak.[47] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes near to three,600 m (eleven,800 ft) earlier mentioned sea degree, and the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found suitable up to your summit, rendering it the best flowering plant in Spain.[48]
These crops are adapted into the difficult environmental ailments over the volcano, like large altitude, intensive sunlight, Severe temperature variations, and lack of dampness. Adaptations include hemispherical sorts, a downy or waxy deal with, a discount in the uncovered leaf location, and high flower manufacturing.[forty six][forty nine] Flowering normally takes place from the late spring or early summer, in May well and June.
Teide Nationwide Park has a lot of invertebrate species, over forty% of which happen to be endemic species, and 70 of that happen to be uncovered only from the Countrywide Park. The invertebrate fauna contains spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In contrast, Teide National Park has merely a constrained assortment of vertebrate fauna.[51] Ten species of bird nest there, including the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) along with a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][fifty three]
A few endemic reptile species are present in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), and also the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[51][fifty four] The only mammals indigenous on the park are bats, the most typical of and that is Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, including the mouflon, the rabbit, your home mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, as well as the North African hedgehog, have all been released into the park.
Teide is the main symbol of Tenerife and quite possibly the most emblematic pure monument with the Canary Islands. A picture of Teide, gushing flames, appears within the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Above the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colors of your island are dark blue, usually discovered Along with the sea that surrounds the island, and white for the whiteness in the snow-protected peaks of Mount Teide throughout Wintertime. The brand from the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing physique on the island) includes a image of Teide in eruption.
Teide has become depicted regularly all through heritage, within the earliest engravings produced by European conquerors to typical Canarian craft objects, on the again of 1000-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
Inside the Canary Islands, Specially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and background. It really is commonly referred to as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is actually a national park situated in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the very best mountain of Spain (3,718 meters significant) Additionally, the best volcano while in the Atlantic Ocean islands and the third greatest volcano on this planet from its base while in the ocean ground (seven.five hundred meters significant). Pico Viejo, also provided within the national park restrictions, is the next greatest volcano while in the Canary Islands with its three,a hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the sole two peaks during the Canary islands increasing earlier mentioned the 3,000 m amount.
The park has a location of 18,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation required]. It was named a Planet Heritage Web site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[1] Since the end of 2007, it's got also been one of many twelve Treasures of Spain. On a ridge, to the east of Teide, are classified as the telescopes on the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is the most visited nationwide park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on the globe,[two] with a few 3 million website visitors yearly.[3] In 2016, it had been frequented by four,079,823 website visitors and vacationers achieving a historic document.[4][five]
You'll find morning and afternoon coach trips through the park, departing from picked places from the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Usage of the height requires a free permit that should be booked beforehand.
The Teide Nationwide Park has a substantial historical value. This area had a very important spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and essential archaeological websites happen to be found in the park. To the Guanches the Teide was a location of worship, they imagined it was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[seven]
National park status was declared on January 22, 1954, which was among the 3rd in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and founded as being a Particular lawful regime. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the eu Diploma of Shielded Regions, in its optimum class. This recognition and conservation administration has long been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of its transformation into a nationwide park, in 2002 the paperwork was started to declare the park a UNESCO Environment Heritage Website. On June 28, 2007, following 5 years of work and effort, UNESCO chose to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, World Heritage Site on the planet Heritage Convention of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Nationwide Park can also be at the end of 2007, one of several twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide Nationwide Park is complementary to your Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Countrywide Park,[eight] this is mainly because of remaining in Just about every of these represented the volcanic buildings and varieties less developed magmas of this kind of islands (Hawaii) and even more developed and differentiated (Teide).[nine] Moreover, Teide Countrywide Park shares identical scenic features Together with the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, America.
The lava flows to the flanks of Teide climate to an incredibly slim, but nutrient and mineral wealthy soil that supports a diverse number of plant species. Vascular flora includes 168 plant species, 33 of which can be endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) manifest from 1000–2100 m, masking the center slopes with the volcano, and having an alpine timberline one thousand m lower than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[11] At bigger altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera delivers enough shelter For additional fragile species including the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), plus the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to expand.[12]
Essentially the most dominant plant species while in the Teide National Park are the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), that has white and violet flowers; along with the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii),