Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is actually a volcano on Tenerife within the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at three,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the very best point in Spain and the very best place higher than sea level inside the islands from the Atlantic.
If calculated through the ocean floor, its peak of 7,five hundred m (24,600 ft) will make Teide the fourth-best volcano on the globe, and is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's 3rd-tallest volcanic composition. However, as Teide was fashioned just 170,000 yrs in the past due to volcanic activity following a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is definitely located within the Las Cañadas crater (the remains of an more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) at a height of about two,190 m (seven,one hundred ninety ft) above sea level. Teide's elevation previously mentioned sea amount will make Tenerife the tenth optimum island on the globe. Teide can be an active volcano: its newest eruption happened in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent within the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide ten years Volcano[10] because of its background of destructive eruptions and its proximity to numerous substantial cities, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca form the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife.
The volcano and its environment comprise Teide Countrywide Park, that has a location of eighteen,900 hectares (47,000 acres) and was named a Entire world Heritage Web page by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is considered the most visited natural ponder of Spain, the most frequented national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most frequented on this planet, with some 3 million visitors annually. In 2016, it had been visited by 4,079,823 readers and travellers, achieving a historic document. Teide Observatory, A significant Worldwide astronomical observatory, is found over the slopes of the mountain.
Ahead of the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a powerful figure residing in the volcano, which carries light, power as well as Solar. El Pico del Teide is the modern Spanish identify.[fifteen]
Teide was a sacred mountain with the aboriginal Guanches, so it absolutely was thought of a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to The traditional Greeks. According to legend, Guayota (the devil) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine and the sun) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the globe into darkness. The Guanches requested their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec from the bowels on the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is alleged that since then, Guayota has remained locked within Teide. When going on to Teide through an eruption, it absolutely was customary with the Guanches to light-weight bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is frequently represented to be a black Puppy, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Lots of hiding locations located in the mountains consist of the stays of stone tools and pottery. These have already been interpreted as becoming ritual deposits to counter the impact of evil spirits, like those produced by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches thought the mountain for being the location that housed the forces of evil and one of the most evil determine, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares attributes comparable to other highly effective deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives inside the volcano Kīlauea and is particularly regarded with the indigenous Hawaiians as liable for the eruptions of the volcano.[seventeen] The same was true for The traditional Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna ended up chimneys in the foundry of the fireplace god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to view flames coming from the highest mountain in the island (Teide).
Teide past erupted in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent,[23] to the Santiago Ridge. Historic volcanic activity over the island is linked to vents within the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption destroyed the town and principal port of Garachico, along with several scaled-down villages.[15]
Historic exercise affiliated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] occurred in 1798 through the Narices del Teide to the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive content from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The final explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca around 2000 decades ago. The final eruption throughout the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 through the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) within the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in fashion and the majority of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is obvious beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus noted looking at "an incredible hearth inside the Orotava Valley" as he sailed earlier Tenerife on his voyage to find out The brand new Environment in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he experienced witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric relationship of doable lavas suggests that in 1492 no eruption transpired from the Orotava Valley, but 1 did take place through the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The final summit eruption from Teide transpired regarding the calendar year 850 Advertisement, and this eruption manufactured the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that address Considerably of the flanks on the volcano.[23]
About one hundred fifty,000 many years back, a much bigger explosive eruption transpired, almost certainly of Volcanic Explosivity Index five. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a substantial caldera at about 2,000 m higher than sea stage, all around sixteen km (nine.9 mi) from east to west and 9 km (5.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, around the south side of the framework, The interior walls rise as Virtually sheer cliffs from 2,one hundred to two,715 m (6,890 to 8,907 ft). The three,715 m (12,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (3,134 m (10,282 ft)), are both positioned in the northern 50 % from the caldera and they are derived from eruptions later on than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions may include things like pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to the ones that occurred at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. Through 2003, there was an increase in seismic exercise on the volcano plus a rift opened about the north-east flank. No eruptive activity transpired but a quantity of fabric, potentially liquid, was emplaced to the edifice which is believed to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation necessary] This sort of action can suggest that magma is increasing into the edifice, but is not usually a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide In addition is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation required] The summit in the volcano has several tiny el teide Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide as well as other gases, which include very low levels of hydrogen sulfide.
Upcoming eruptions may perhaps incorporate pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to people who transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. In the course of 2003, there was a rise in seismic activity with the volcano along with a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive activity transpired but a amount of material, probably liquid, was emplaced in the edifice and it is approximated to have a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation required] These kinds of activity can indicate that magma is growing into the edifice, but isn't constantly a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide On top of that is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation essential] The summit with the volcano has many smaller Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and other gases, together with minimal levels of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, printed during the journal Eos, observed that "up to now thirty,000 decades, eruptions have happened at a fee of only 4 to 6 for each millennium, using a predominance (70%) of extremely minimal hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors more commented that "the modern eruptive document, combined with the obtainable petrological and radiometric facts, gives a somewhat optimistic outlook on big volcanic dangers relevant to Teide and its rift zones, posing only really localized threats on the one million inhabitants of Tenerife and also the four.5 million once-a-year site visitors to Teide National Park." Nevertheless, A further examine in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently Later on, Which its composition is comparable to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] Thus the magnitude of the risk posed by Teide to the public remains a supply of debate.
In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who almost certainly stayed about the island in the main many years of the seventeenth century, gives a description of Teide, in which he notes the suitable paths to the highest and the effects its considerable height results in for travellers, indicating the volcano were accessed by using distinctive routes before the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his party built the ascent and reported their observations from the journal with the Royal Society in London.[forty]
Once the Enlightenment, almost all of the expeditions that went to East Africa along with the Pacific experienced Teide as Probably the most worthwhile targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Just about ended in tragedy, as a major snowstorm and rain swept more than them and so they did not reach the peak of Teide, just hardly acquiring past Montaña Blanca.[forty][41]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife through his voyage to South America in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Intentioné Bonpland and several neighborhood guides.[forty two]
In the course of an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer frequented Teide in 1894 to observe ice problems over the volcano. He described the two mountains as "two kings, just one mounting while in the ocean and another while in the desert and steppes".[forty]
More lately in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey grew to become the 1st Paralympic athlete on earth within a wheelchair to achieve three,000 meters altitude with just the momentum of her arms. Initially, Gema planned to get to the best of Teide, Though, due to weather conditions, she could not meet this objective.
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide climate to an exceedingly skinny but nutrient- and mineral-prosperous soil that supports lots of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of which are endemic to Tenerife.[44]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) come about from 1,000 to two,a hundred metres (three,three hundred–6,900 ft), masking the center slopes on the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line 1,000 m (three,300 ft) reduced than that of continental mountains at equivalent latitudes.[forty five][forty six] Inside the Las Cañadas caldera and at increased altitudes, plant species endemic towards the Teide Countrywide Park contain: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; plus the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose pink flowers type a pyramid as much as 3 m (nine.8 ft) in height.[forty seven] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes near to 3,600 m (11,800 ft) previously mentioned sea stage, and also the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found correct up towards the summit, which makes it the best flowering plant in Spain.[48]
These vegetation are tailored on the tough environmental conditions over the volcano, including superior altitude, intensive sunlight, Extraordinary temperature variants, and deficiency of moisture. Adaptations include things like hemispherical sorts, a downy or waxy deal with, a reduction of your exposed leaf place, and high flower output.[forty six][forty nine] Flowering requires position within the late spring or early summertime, in May and June.
Teide National Park incorporates numerous invertebrate species, around forty% of that happen to be endemic species, and 70 of which might be found only from the Nationwide Park. The invertebrate fauna incorporates spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In contrast, Teide National Park has only a constrained a number of vertebrate fauna.[51] Ten species of fowl nest there, including the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) in addition to a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][fifty three]
Three endemic reptile species are found in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), plus the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][54] The only real mammals native towards the park are bats, the most common of that is Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, such as the mouflon, the rabbit, the house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, as well as North African hedgehog, have all been launched for the park.
Teide is the main symbol of Tenerife and by far the most emblematic normal monument in the Canary Islands. An image of Teide, gushing flames, seems for the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Higher than the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colours from the island are dark blue, ordinarily recognized Along with the sea that surrounds the island, and white for your whiteness in the snow-covered peaks of Mount Teide through Winter season. The brand with the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing overall body of your island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide has actually been depicted frequently all over history, through the earliest engravings made by European conquerors to typical Canarian craft objects, around the back again of one thousand-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
Inside the Canary Islands, especially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and background. It really is commonly often called Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide Nationwide Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is a nationwide park situated in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The nationwide park is centered on Mount Teide, the best mountain of Spain (three,718 meters significant) Moreover, the best volcano during the Atlantic Ocean islands plus the third greatest volcano in the world from its foundation in the ocean ground (7.five hundred meters high). Pico Viejo, also integrated in the national park limits, is the next highest volcano in the Canary Islands with its 3,one hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only real two peaks within the Canary islands soaring above the 3,000 m stage.
The park has a place of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation desired]. It had been named a World Heritage Web site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] Because the finish of 2007, it has also been on the list of twelve Treasures of Spain. Over a ridge, to the east of Teide, will be the telescopes from the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is easily the most frequented national park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on this planet,[two] with a few three million site visitors annually.[3] In 2016, it absolutely was frequented by four,079,823 visitors and vacationers reaching a historical file.[four][5]
There are early morning and afternoon mentor visits from the park, departing from picked places in the south of Tenerife's vacationer towns. Entry to the peak demands a free allow that should be booked ahead of time.
The Teide Countrywide Park has a significant historic value. This location had an important spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and critical archaeological web sites have been learned in the park. To the Guanches the Teide was an area of worship, they imagined it was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[seven]
Countrywide park standing was declared on January 22, 1954, which was one of several 3rd in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and recognized being a Exclusive lawful regime. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the ecu Diploma of Safeguarded Parts, in its best group. This recognition and conservation management has been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration on the fiftieth anniversary of its transformation right into a national park, in 2002 the paperwork was started to declare the park a UNESCO Entire world Heritage Web-site. On June 28, 2007, just after five years of work and effort, UNESCO decided to declare the Teide Nationwide Park, Environment Heritage Web-site on the globe Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide National Park is likewise at the end of 2007, among the list of twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide National Park is complementary for the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Nationwide Park,[8] this is especially due to becoming in Just about every of these represented the volcanic constructions and types less progressed magmas of such islands (Hawaii) and even more evolved and differentiated (Teide).[nine] Moreover, Teide Nationwide Park shares related scenic attributes With all the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, Usa.
The lava flows within the flanks of Teide weather conditions to a really slim, but nutrient and mineral loaded soil that supports a various amount of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[ten]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) take place from one thousand–2100 m, masking the center slopes with the volcano, and obtaining an alpine timberline a thousand m reduced than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[eleven] At bigger altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera gives sufficient shelter For additional fragile species like the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), plus the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to grow.[twelve]
By far the most dominant plant species within the Teide National Park tend to be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has a white and pink flower;